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Monday, June 13, 2022

what is labour productivity in construction? how to draw a cross section, definition productivity

 

 INTRODUCTION

1.1Background

 

              Productivity is the relation between input and output. Input can be of various types i.e. energy, labor, capital, goods, services etc. Output is the product produced after utilizing the inputs. How efficiently the inputs are utilized is known as productivity. Larger the value of productivity, better the utilization of input resources.

1.2 Productivity Definition

                     A measure   of   the   efficiency   of   a person ,  machine ,    factory system etc   in  converting  inputs into useful outputs.

1.3 Objectives

·         To identify tangible and intangible factors that affect productivity

·         To develop and determine strength of correlation between productivity of each activity and its factors

·         To analyses the data and conclude each activities’ productivity with respect to its factors

 

1.4 Significance

Economy is divided into two industries: basic industry and non-basic. Mining, construction, manufacturing, transportation etc are considered as basic industries. Non-basic industry includes small businesses e.g. stores, service companies, consulting companies etc. Economy is heavily dependent on basic industries as compared to non-basic industries. Basic industries generate new employment opportunities, increases foreign exchange earnings of a country, improves the purchasing power of a country & boosting the GDP of the whole economy.

Construction industry is a part of the basic industry, which means that how well does this industry performs creates an epidemic impact on the economy. For financial and economical progression of country, we need a strong and efficient construction industry.

 

Construction projects these days are very complicated and a project can only be a success if all resources and factors involved are managed properly. Since a country’s economy is significantly dependent on its construction industry, therefore we need to make sure that it’s performing at its maximal level. This is where productivity plays a significant role. Productivity is the measure of construction performance .

Economic problems can be overcome by improving productivity.

1.5 Problem statement

Construction industry (CI) is focused on completing a project rather than completing it with efficient use of resources. If we compare the productivity of construction industry with manufacturing industry, we will see that the productivity of CI is less than that of manufacturing industry. There was a time, before 1968, when the productivity of CI was more than manufacturing, finance, retail trade & mining industry. As the time passed by, other industries started focusing on their respective productivities for e.g. they improved their productivities

using automation techniques efficiently, and eventually surpassed CI in terms of productivity, whereas the CI remained sluggish in productivity growth.

 CI is more concerned about the outcome rather than the process it goes through to achieve that outcome. Productivity is one of the major problem of the CI. Research tells us that, “70% and 90% of projects exceed the original planned cost and that the overrun commonly varies between 50% and 100% of budget”

Construction process is a combination of activities. There are various factors that affect the productivity of different construction activities. For example, nowadays there is an increasing trend of day and night construction, and what civil engineers don’t realise is that there are certain activities, like concreting, steel sheet piling etc, which are more productive at night and other activities, like pavement cutting, timber piling etc, which are more productive at day Likewise, there are many activities, whose productivity depends upon several other factors. Activity wise judgement of productivity is quite rare in CI. Project managers cannot correlate the construction activities with its factors and this is one of the major reason why the productivity of the CI is so abysmal. CI has developed an axiom (hypothesis) about the construction process over the years and no one objects that axiom. There is unawareness that how some activities can be altered by correlating it certain factors.

·        Natural Surface Level Drawings

 

NSL PLAN

                                                   Fig 1.1 NSL drawing

·        Cross sections from grid 1 to 4

 

           cross section g 1 to 4


                                                                                 Fig 1.2 cross section g 1 to 4

 ·        Cross sections from grid  6 to 9

 

cross section G 6 to 9


                                                                  Fig 1.3 cross section G 6 to 9

 

  ·        Cross sections from grid  11 to 13

 

        cross section G 11 to13


                                     Fig 1.4 cross section G 11 to13

1.6 What is Excavation  

Excavation is the method for moving earth, rock or other materials with tools, equipment or explosives. It includes earthwork, trenching, wall shafts, tunneling and underground. Excavation has a number of important applications including exploration, environmental restoration, mining and construction. Among these, construction is one of the most common applications for excavation. Excavation method for construction to create building foundations.

1.7 Equipment use in excavation

·         Excavator

Excavator is commonly use in construction for foundation excavation, material remove etc.

·         Dumper truck

Dumper Truck Earth moving Equipment

Trucks are an extremely important part of the earthmoving and material-moving process

 

Quantity of Excavation

Refrance

Length

Area sft

Avg Area sft

Quty cft

Remarks

 G 1

0

4284.059

 

 

 

G 4

57.12

5224.8287

4754.44385

271573.8327

 

 G 6

46

5036.7759

5130.8023

236016.9058

 

G 9

79.87

5055.62

5046.19795

403039.8303

 

G 11

46

6250.2283

5652.92415

260034.5109

 

G 13

47.12

5945.606

6097.91715

287333.8561

 

 

 

 

Total Area

1457998.9

 

 


Table 1.0 Quantity of excavation


1.8 Excavator & Dumper truck productivity   per day

Excavator Per Day(8hour) Excavate Material In (16199.98cft)

Truck Dumper Per Day (8 Hour) Remove Material (6000cft)

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